Read about the Kha Theory, a viable and interesting alternative to the Big Bang theory.
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Kha – an alternative to Big Bang
According to the Big Bang Theory the entire physical universe arose from nothing and was smaller than an atomic nucleon. This microscopic universe is claimed to have contained all the energy of our contemporary universe. Many physicists think this theory is unsatisfactory. It contradicts the most important law of nature: The total energy of the Universe is conserved.
The Kha theory is an alternative theory of the creation of the Universe. In this theory the universe is limitless and eternal. The word Kha means the ”unbounded space”. (Information on the Kha theory can be found on the homepage khateorien.dk). The Kha theory says that our entire physical Universe is composed of currents with the velocity of light c. A simple current will occupy a small area in space, moving in a straight line. These simple currents are called neutrinos and they constitute most of the energy of our Universe. Neutrinos can penetrate each other without interfering with each other. Along with neutrinos the universe is composed of currents rotating with the velocity of light c. These rotating currents are called magnetons in the Kha theory. Particles and atoms are composed of magnetons.
The original soup
neutrino
neutrino
magneton
magneton
Figure 1
In the top of figure 1 we see two neutrinos colliding, making a compound, and creating two magnetons with the same energy as the neutrinos. Neutrinos are
conceived as cylinders, and the chevrons indicate the direction of their velocity. However magnetons are conceived as spheres and they only contain rotating currents. The blue arrow (in the magnetons in figure 1) symbolises a negative rotating current with the velocity of light. The yellow arrow of the same size symbolises a positive rotating current in the opposite direction. In the Kha theory all particles consist of rotating currents with opposite directions.
Magnetons are smal magnets. The two magnetons in figure 1. are identical, except that they have opposite magnetic direction and therefore they repel each other. Magnetons nearly always have kinetic energy. If the two magnetons in figure 1. came into collision with each other, they could potentially make a compound which could split up into two neutrinos. In this case the the process illustrated in figure 1. would ‘go backwards’.
Magnetons are not real particles. They constantly get penetrated by other magnetons and neutrinos and thereby have their rotational energy changed. This is marked by the green background in figure 1. For convenience I have only looked at central collisions in figure 1.
The creation of particles
Cosmology has to explain how the neutrons were created. Traditionally the explanation has been that a neutron is created by three quarks. This explanation may be useful, but not even a single quark has ever been observed, and the energy of a quark is only theoretical.
Figure 2
There is an upper limit for the energy density of particles, and the density of a neutron reaches this limit. Two neutrinos in figure 1 with high energy can make two magnetons with this maximum energy density. These ”saturated” magnetons are called partons. The two partons in figure 2 are identical, but have opposite magnetic moments. They are marked with a white background because they can not absorb more rotational energy from neutrinos or magnetons.
Partons may be created in other ways. I imagine that a magneton may absorb one or several magnetons. This absorption must stop when the magneton is saturated, and at that point the magneton has become a parton.
In our current universe you cannot observe parsons, except in accelerator experiments. However the original universe ‘soup’ had plenty of partons. If two partons with opposite magnetic direction collided, they could transform into two neutrinos. The process of formation also went backwards. If two partons with the same magnetic direction collided they could not merge into each other (because a parton is already filled up with energy) instead they could in some cases transform into either a neutron or an antineutron.
In figure 2 we see that a neutron is composed of two partons, an outer and an inner parton. The arrows in the neutron have different sizes; the yellow arrow in the outer parton is smaller than the yellow arrow in the inner parton. This is to symbolise that some of the positive current from the outer parton is moving in and out between the two partons. This keeps the partons together, in the shape of a neutron.
In the antineutron the blue arrow in the outer parton is smaller than the blue arrow in the inner parton. Here some negative current from the outer parton is moving in and out, and this keeps the partons together. There is the same number of neutrons as of antineutrons.
The Kha model of a neutron (simply illustrated in figure 1.) calculates the physical properties of a neutron, including ist energy, magnetic moment and radius. The surplus of negative current in the outer parton explains why neutrons have a negative magnetic moment, and why they can decay and emit electrons.
When a neutron and an antineutron with opposite magnetic moments (figure 2) come into collision, they repel each other. However when a neutron and an antineutron with the same magnetic moment come into collision, they attract each other and annihilate. From laboratory experiments we know that these annihilations create many particles with high kinetic energy. However these particles ar unstable so in the end only magnetons with kinetic energy will remain.
Separation of matter and antimatter.
Everywhere in the original universe neutrinos produced equal numbers of neutrons and antineutrons, which collided and annihilated. If this was the only process that happened, our current universe would be a uniform blend of matter and antimatter. However this is not the case, as our galaxy universe only contains matter. The traditional theories have not explained how all antimatter disappeared. However in the Kha theory I have described a mechanism that could have separated matter and antimatter.
Figure 3 Figure 4
Coincidentally it happened, at a random point in time, that a small area N in the unbounded space had an excess of neutrons (marked as blue dots in figure 3). The surrounding area A had an excess of antineutrons marked as brown dots.
Figure 4 explains how area N would grow at the expense of area A. The blue curve marks the excess of neutrons in N near the border between N and A. The brown curve marks the excess of antineutrons in A. We look at four typical neutrons and antineutrons produced near the border. The tracks of these particles are marked with coloured bars. The antineutrons were annihilated by neutrons in N and had a short brown track. However the neutrons had a longer blue track since they were not annihilated by the few antineutrons in N. These neutrons caused an increase in the excess of neutrons in N. The increase in excess of neutrons was spread by diffusion in the outward direction, and consequently the radius of area N slowly increased.
In area A the antineutrons had a longer track and increased the excess of antineutrons. But the situation in area A was different because it was infinite. Therefore there was an essential diffusion of antineutrons in the outward direction. Here we have outlined a mechanism that can separate matter and antimatter. Further calculations on this mechanism will hopefully be done by other physicists in the future.
Since the formation of the areas N+A was coincidental, it also happened at other places and at other times. When our area N was growing it swallowed younger areas A and N, that did not have time to grow big. The trace of these areas can now be seen as huge rings, clusters and other large formations of galaxies.
Gravity
Figure 5
In the Kha theory the reason for gravity is the pressure of cosmic neutrinos. Figure 4 illustrates how a neutrino influences a nucleon. The three chevrons symbolise the energy of the neutrino, arriving from the left. We will give the nucleon the energy E1 and the neutrino the energy E2 .The nucleon is composed of two opposite rotating currents. The positive current is marked with small yellow chevrons, the negative with small blue chevrons. The neutrino is a neutral current, marked with green chevrons. When the neutrino enters the nucleus, it is diverted into a positive and a negative current. The big yellow chevrons represent the original positive current of the nucleus plus the positive current from the neutrino. The big blue chevrons represent their negative counterparts. The currents represented by the big chevrons have the energy:
1⁄2 E1 + E2
These currents have the mean velocity directed to the right
(1⁄2 E1 + E2 )c /(E1 + E2 )
Let xc be the velocity of the neutron to the right after the scattering. Thus the currents directed to the right relative to the neutron are:
(1⁄2 E1 + E2 )c /(E1 + E2 ) -xc
The currents directed to the left relative to the neutron are:
1⁄2 E1 c/(E1 + E2 ) +xc
The currents directed to the left are equal to the currents directed to the right: (1⁄2 E1 + E2 )c /(E1 + E2 ) -xc = 1⁄2 E1 c/(E1 + E2 ) +xc
xc = 1⁄2 E2 /(E1 + E2)*c (4)
Formula (4) is proved by using the Kha idea that nucleons are composed of rotating currents. A similar formula might be proved using the momentums of the neutrino and the neutron.
Formula (4) gives the formula for the velocity cx of the nucleon after the neutrino scattering. This represents a transfer of energy from the neutrino to the nucleon, marked with a black arrow in figure 5. Consequently neutrinos will exert a pressure on nucleons. According to the Kha theory this pressure explains gravity. However the energy of a single neutrino in our current universe (E2) is very small, and does not affect a nucleon very much.
Formation of black holes
In the period of slow increase of the area N, black holes were created in the area. A black hole is necessary for the creation of a galaxy. It is probable that there is a black hole inside every galaxy, but this has no significance for the contemporary galaxy. Black holes could only arise if there was an excess of neutrons (or antineutrons). If this was not the case the small black holes would be eliminated by annihilation.
Figure 6
We will now look at the forces that created black holes, in the neutron area N of the original universe. Figure 6 shows a combination of a neutron (white) and a small black hole (violet) in the original universe. Other particles were distributed in the original Kha field, but they were further away from the neutron. The original density of the Kha field was the same as the density n of a neutron:
n = = = 3.6*1034
Neutrons were under pressure from neutrinos arriving from all directions. In the original universe the energy density was enormous, compared to the energy density of our contemporary field of cosmic neutrinos. Consequently the pressure was enormous. The energy of a neutron was E1 = 940 MeV. Many cosmic neutrinos were probably created from parton / parton eliminations, arriving from far afield.
The parton energy was 1⁄2*940 = 470 MeV. On the way to the black hole it is likely that neutrinos scattered partons, and lost a small amount of energy. For the sake of simplicity I have estimated a mean neutrino energy of E2 = 470MeV = 1/2*E1 . This can be calculated more precisely, and I hope this will be done by scientists in the future. Formula (4) gives us the neutron velocity xc after scattering
xc = 1⁄2 E2 /(E1 + E2)*c = 1⁄2*1/2*E1 /(E1 +1/2*E1)*c = c /6
The loss of energy from neutrinos became the kinetic energy of nucleons. We do not need to use the relativistic formula for kinetic energy of the neutron here, because the neutrons velocity c /6 is low
Ekin = 1⁄2mv2 =1⁄2E 1/c2 *( c /6)f2 = 0.014 E1
In order to calculate the pressure of the Kha field on the surface of particles, we can use the formula for the pressure of radiation absorbed by a plane surface P = e’. Here e’ is the energy density of the absorbed light.
There were forces on neutrons coming from the sides (marked at figure 6 as black arrows) however these forces cancelled out each other. I estimate the energy density from the brown solid angle in figure 6, to be 1/6 n. A small part (0.014) of this energy density was absorbed in the neutron. The pressure on the neutron from the brown solid angle was:
P = 1/6 n* 0.014
We calculate the force F on the neutron with the cross section area A of the neutron:
F = P*A = 1/6* 3.6*1034 * 0.014 * π (0.8*10-15 ) 2 = 169
Neutrinos from the brown solid angle of the black hole lost 1-o.o14 = 0.986 of their energy for every nucleon they passed. In figure 6 they have only passed two nuclei and lost 1-2*0.014=0.97 of their energy. The force on the neutron from the space of the black hole was 0.97*169 = 164. As a result a force on the neutron towards the black hole was created. This is the force of gravity according to the Kha theory.
169 -164 = 5 N
The attraction on the neutron from the black hole in the original Kha field multiplied, as the black hole grew bigger. However the attraction from black holes in our present Kha field is lower now, due to the much lower energy density of neutrinos.
Formation of fireballs
Figure 6 Figure 7
The huge gravity of the black holes attracted all particles. Many anti-neutrons would collide with the black hole, annihilate with a neutron from the black hole and remove the neutron. These annihilations increased the temperature. More neutrons collided with the black hole and were absorbed, and thus the black hole increased in size. The increased temperature created a spherical cloud of particles around the black hole. The temperature in the cloud was very high and we call it a fireball. In figure 6 the black holes are marked with black and the fireballs are marked with red. These fireballs were the first form of the galaxies in the universe.
The fireballs attracted neutrons and other particles both from the space inside and outside the fireballs. These particles were absorbed by the fireballs and not by the black hole. The black hole did not grow any more and eventually lost its significance. In the fireballs many annihilations took place and the temperature rose more and more. The high temperature in the fireballs spread by the help of neutrinos (figure 5) and photons to the adjacent area and the fireballs increased still more in size. See figure 7.
The Big Blast
In the Big Bang theory the explosion of the Universe is explained by a mystical dark energy. Nobody has explained where this energy is located and where and when it works. However in the Kha theory the explosion is explained by well known physical laws. The plasma in the fireballs were partons, neutrons, antineutrons and decay particles from the annihilations.
The mass density m of the plasma decreased with increasing distance r from the centre of the universe, as the pressure was lower at the edges. I propose here that the density m of the mass in the particle universe at any given time is a decreasing function of radius r, and that it is given by:
where m0 is the density of the mass in the centre of the universe. From this, we can calculate that at the edge of the sphere r0, m is only 61% of m0.
Due to the annihilation of neutrons and antineutrons, a large quantity of unstable particles with mean energy of approx 40 MeV formed in the fireballs. Subsequently 40 MeV became the mean energy of the plasma, including partons and neutrons. The unstable particles ended as magnetons (called decay neutrinos by other physicists) with an energy of approx. 30 MeV.
The expansion did not begin until the big fireballs had occupied the whole universe N. We will presume that at that time the temperature T in the whole universe was 4.6 × 1011, corresponding to mean particle kinetic energy 40 MeV. The pressure P can be calculated using the gas law.
P=
=
= m*7.4*1016
mn is the neutron mass. k is Boltzmann’s constant. T is the temperature. The number density of neutrons is multiplied with 10 because of the many other particles, especially partons.
Next we consider a spherical shell with radius r, thickness dr, and area 1, we use Newton’s second law:
Remarkably, the density of the mass disappears from the calculation entirely. We can also see that the acceleration is proportional to the radius. This means that the velocities will also be proportional to the radius. This is precisely what Hubble’s law says. We are particularly interested in the acceleration at the edge of the universe.
=
Here we see that the acceleration at the edge is decreasing with decreasing
temperature. However the energy density of the Kha field decreases when the volume increases.
During the expansion of the universe the energy density of number of neutrinos decreased and subsequently the formation of partons stopped. We will estimate that the acceleration of our universe stopped when the radius was 4ro
We will now calculate the work neutrons performed on 1 kg at the edge of the universe, when r0 increases from r0 to 4*r0
W = dro = ln(4)*7.4*1016
W = 1.0 × 1017.
The work W performed on 1 kg at the edge of our universe can be compared with the kinetic energy of 1 kg in the outermost galaxies. Here, the velocity is 7/8*c and, per the relativistic formula, the kinetic energy is then E = 9.6 × 1016. We have to consider that this movement is slowed by gravity. According to Newtons law of gravity there is an attraction from the collective mass of the universe. According to the Kha theory there is a pressure from the neutrinos produced by the external universe. The initial value of the kinetic energy might be:
E = 1.2 × 1017.
E has approximately the same value as W. The calculation is a simple model. In the model we have assumed that all plasma was created before the acceleration period. In reality some plasma was produced in the fireballs during the acceleration period. We have considered an explosion from r 0 to 4r 0 .
After the Big Blast the neutrons moved on with the velocity they had obtained. Even though the number of partons and the temperature might be incorrectly evaluated, the calculations in this article confirm the Kha theory of the expansion of the universe. I believe that the fact that the values of W and E are in agreement, supports the theory.
Figure 8
Figure 8 illustrates the contemporary situation in our universe. During the Big Blast the outermost fireballs started forcing their way into the original soup (dark green) where the Kha energy density was very high, and there they kept growing. This process is still happening today. These fireballs are very important, because they produce the cosmic neutrinos that enter our universe and create the force of gravity.
Inside our galaxy world (yellow) which is still expanding, the temperature decreased and the fireballs here consequently turned into the galaxies with the stars and planets we know today.
Finn Rasmussen March 2025
Finn always welcomes feedback so you are very welcome to email him with any comments on f@finse.dk